Investment

Before you add bonds to your portfolio, you should understand how they work and what variations exist among them. Just as importantly, you need to identify the risks that come with owning bonds and how you can protect yourself from them.

Bond Basics

Bonds are essentially IOUs, issued by federal, state, and municipal governments as well as by corporations and governmental agencies. They are intended to raise revenue for a wide variety of activities. For example, governments issue bonds to finance the construction of infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, airports, public housing, and schools. Corporations may use the proceeds of bonds to pay for the construction of new manufacturing facilities, research and development, or to expand into new markets.

Bond investors essentially loan money to the bond’s issuer. In return, they receive interest payments at specified intervals plus a promise that the issuer will return the bond principal to investors when the bond’s term ends on its maturity date.1

Interest Rate Risk

Bonds are not a risk-free investment. Rising interest rates may reduce the desirability of the bonds you own because there is an inverse relationship between bond prices and yield. If you opt to sell a bond before it matures because interest rates on newly issued bonds have gone up, you will most likely have to accept a lower price than you paid for it.

The Importance of Credit Quality

Credit risk — or the risk that a bond issuer will fail to make promised interest and principal payments — is another important consideration. Bonds issued by companies or entities that are financially healthy are not as risky as bonds from issuers that are less financially sound. Bonds with low credit ratings offer higher yields to compensate for added risk to your portfolio.

Rating Agencies

Rating services assess municipal bonds, all types of corporate bonds, and international bonds. U.S. Treasury bonds are not rated. Before rating a bond, analysts assess various factors that could affect the issuer’s willingness and ability to meet its obligations to bondholders. For example, they examine other debt the company carries and how fast the company’s revenues and profits are growing. They take a holistic approach in that they also review the state of the economy and the financial health of other companies in the same business. In the case of municipal bond issuers, they examine and compare municipalities of a similar size and similar budget.

Credit ratings influence the interest rate an issuer must pay in order to sell its bonds. However, credit ratings are opinions about credit risk. Even though credit ratings are forward looking in that they assess the impact of foreseeable future events and can be useful to investors, they are not a guarantee that an investment will pay out or that an issuer will not default. While investors may use credit ratings in making investment decisions, they are not indicators of investment worth nor are they buy, sell, or hold recommendations. You can learn more about the rating systems of the two major services, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s, on their websites.

This information is not meant as tailored investment or tax advice. Before building a portfolio that includes bonds, you may find it helpful to discuss your strategy with a financial professional.

1Bonds can gain or lose value based on economic conditions and market events. Principal is not guaranteed.

Investing in the stock market can be a great way to build wealth and secure your financial future, but not all stocks are created equal. Just as there are promising opportunities, there are also stocks that may be best avoided due to various red flags. In this article, we will discuss the key warning signs that may indicate a stock should be on your “avoid” list.

1. Lack of Transparency

One of the most significant red flags for investors is a lack of transparency from a company. If a company does not provide clear and comprehensive financial information, it can be challenging to assess its true financial health. Investors should be cautious when management is not forthcoming about their financials, business operations, or future plans.

2. Negative Earnings and Profitability

Consistent losses or a lack of profitability over an extended period can be a major concern. While it’s not unusual for young companies to operate at a loss as they reinvest in growth, mature companies should show a history of profitability. Be cautious of stocks with negative earnings and an unclear path to profitability.

3. Excessive Debt

High levels of debt can be a warning sign for investors. Companies burdened with excessive debt may struggle to meet their financial obligations and could be at risk of bankruptcy. It’s essential to review a company’s debt-to-equity ratio and assess whether it is manageable.

4. Insider Selling

When company insiders, such as executives or board members, sell a significant amount of their shares, it can indicate a lack of confidence in the company’s future prospects. While insider selling is not always a negative sign, it’s essential to consider the context and the reasons behind the sales.

5. Legal or Ethical Issues

Stocks of companies facing legal or ethical problems should be approached with caution. These issues can range from regulatory violations to lawsuits or allegations of unethical behavior. Such controversies can lead to reputational damage and financial penalties, negatively impacting the stock’s performance.

6. Poor or Unstable Leadership

A company’s leadership team plays a crucial role in its success. Stocks of companies with constant turnover in top management positions or a history of poor leadership decisions can be risky investments. Effective leadership is essential for guiding a company through challenges and uncertainties.

7. Declining Revenue and Market Share

Sustained declines in a company’s revenue and market share are concerning signs. These trends can indicate increased competition, shifts in consumer preferences, or operational issues. It’s vital to assess the reasons behind these declines and whether the company has a viable plan to reverse them.

8. Lack of Innovation and Adaptability

Industries and markets are constantly evolving. Companies that fail to innovate and adapt to changing circumstances can quickly become obsolete. Stocks of businesses with a history of resisting change may be less attractive to investors looking for long-term growth.

9. Overvaluation

Buying stocks at excessively high valuations can be a costly mistake. Overvalued stocks may experience a significant correction when market sentiment changes. It’s crucial to analyze valuation metrics like the price-to-earnings ratio, price-to-sales ratio, and price-to-book ratio to determine if a stock is trading at a reasonable price.

While the stock market offers a multitude of investment opportunities, it’s equally important to recognize stocks that should be avoided. Identifying red flags, such as a lack of transparency, negative earnings, excessive debt, and other warning signs, can help investors protect their capital and make more informed decisions. Conduct thorough research and due diligence before investing, and consider seeking advice from financial professionals when in doubt. Remember that avoiding potential pitfalls can be just as crucial as finding promising opportunities in your investment journey.

A mutual fund’s performance — its total return — can be either positive or negative. In other words, a fund either made or lost money for a measured time period. There are three separate elements that contribute to total return: the distribution of fund income (interest and dividends received on the fund’s investments); the distribution of capital gains; and the rise or fall in the price of fund shares. A fuller understanding of these three elements can help you make more informed decisions as an investor.

Fund Income

Bond issuers, such as corporations and the U.S. government, pay interest on the money loaned to them by the investors that buy the bonds. If you buy a government bond, for example, you know how much interest the bond will pay you over the life of the bond. Bonds are also known as “fixed-income” investments because you can anticipate your earnings.

If you own shares in a bond fund rather than an individual bond, you will share in the interest earned by the bonds in the fund. However, if you own your bond fund through an employer’s retirement plan, you do not actually receive your share of the interest income in cash. Instead, your share of the interest is reinvested in the fund and is used to buy additional shares for your account.

If you own shares in a stock fund, you may receive a distribution of dividends the fund received on its various stock holdings. Your share of the dividends paid to a stock fund you own through an employer’s retirement plan is reinvested in that fund and used to buy additional shares.

Capital Gains Distributions

When fund managers sell an investment that has increased in price, the fund will have a capital gain. Funds, of course, have losers as well as winners. When a fund sells an investment for less than it paid for it, the fund suffers a loss. Most mutual funds distribute capital gains (minus capital losses) to their shareholders at the end of the year. If you own funds through a retirement account, then the capital gains distributions are reinvested in additional fund shares.

Rise or Fall in Fund Share Prices

The market prices of stocks and bonds rarely remain static — they typically rise and fall each trading day. Thus, the share price of a fund depends on the current value of the investments it holds in its portfolio, after deduction of expenses and liabilities. As an investor, it’s important to understand that until you sell your shares in a fund, any gain or loss in their value is only a gain or loss on paper.

Total Return and Fund Performance

There are several ways to measure fund performance, and total return plays a part in each method.

• Average annual total return: One way to measure the performance of a mutual fund is to look at its average annual total return for different periods of time. A comparison of a fund’s return to a benchmark will show how the fund has performed relative to an index.

• Cumulative total return: Looking at a fund’s cumulative total return shows how much a fund has earned over a specific period.

• Year-by-year returns: It can be helpful to compare a fund’s performance from one year to the next. If you notice a wide variation year to year, the fund is most likely a highly volatile one.

You should consider the fund’s investment objectives, charges, expenses, and risks carefully before you invest. The fund’s prospectus, which can be obtained from your financial representative, contains this and other information about the fund. Read the prospectus carefully before you invest or send money. Shares, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than their original cost.

Prices of fixed income securities may fluctuate due to interest rate changes. Investors may lose money if bonds are sold before maturity.

Stock investing involves a high degree of risk. Stock prices fluctuate and investors may lose money.

Market volatility. A change in your time horizon. Different goals. All these things can affect the amount of risk you feel comfortable taking with your investments. Your ability to tolerate risk influences the investment choices you make and may have a significant impact on your success in achieving your financial objectives. Periodically revisiting your risk tolerance is an important step in the portfolio review process.

A Moving Target

Your feelings about risk may change depending on what the markets are doing. During a prolonged period of market volatility, you may find your comfort level dropping, even if you previously thought you had a high tolerance for risk. If you’re a conservative investor, an extended market upswing may have the opposite effect, encouraging you to take on additional investment risk. In either case, basing investment decisions on market behavior instead of a well-thought-out investing strategy isn’t the best plan. Instead, take time to reassess your feelings about risk. If they’ve truly changed, adjust your strategy going forward to reflect the changes.

More Than a Feeling

How much money could you afford to lose if investment values dropped significantly? Your ability to accept risk also depends on your financial circumstances and your time horizon for tapping your assets. If investment losses would leave your finances in jeopardy and you have a relatively short time frame before you’ll need your money, your capacity for taking risk may be limited. Make sure you consider your risk capacity in your review.

A Realistic View

A long period of either strong or weak market performance may convince you that the current trend will continue indefinitely. Perceived risk is how much risk you think an investment holds. However, your perception of an investment’s risk might not match its actual risk. In that case, you could be taking more or less risk than you should to remain within your comfort zone and still reach your goals.

Your financial professional can help you reassess your risk tolerance along with the level of risk in your portfolio.

Stock market volatility can be a wild ride. If you follow the daily price movements of a stock market index, it’s enough to make you dizzy at times. If you watch the same index’s performance over longer periods, however, you may notice that things tend to smooth out.

Unless you’re close to retiring and will need to tap your assets soon, taking the long-term view probably makes sense. Rather than making investment decisions based on day-to-day or even quarter-to-quarter performance, step back and look at how your investments are doing over longer periods.

Stocks Over the Long Term

Of the three major investment types — stocks, bonds, and cash alternatives — stocks are attractive to long-term investors because they have 1 historically provided the best opportunity for growth and the highest relative return over the long term. However, stocks have more short-term volatility than the other two investment types, so they carry more risk.

Time Makes the Difference

It’s never good when prices drop and your stock investments lose value. It’s particularly bad news if you’re going to need your money soon. But when you have time on your side, you can focus on an investment’s long-term performance numbers (and the stock market’s overall long-term performance) instead of its day-to-day ups and downs.

Although past performance is no guarantee of future returns, and it has sometimes taken years, the stock market has always bounced back following periods of price drops. When you have time to wait, the stock investments you hold could rebound following any future market dips.

Your situation is unique, so be sure to consult a professional before taking action.